Sources

89 primary sources. Publication dates are the source's own; "accessed" is the day we last opened it to check a number.

Updated by the GLP Ladder Editorial Team. Editorial policy.

FDA prescribing information8

  1. FOUNDAYO (orforglipron) tablets, for oral use - Full Prescribing Information (Revised 7/2026). Eli Lilly and Company / National Library of Medicine DailyMed, Jul 29, 2026. Accessed Oct 21, 2026.
  2. OZEMPIC (semaglutide) injection SPL version history (setid adec4fd2-6858-4c99-91d4-531f5f2a2d79), DailyMed web services. National Library of Medicine DailyMed, Jun 10, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  3. WEGOVY (semaglutide) injection, for subcutaneous use; WEGOVY (semaglutide) tablets, for oral use - Full Prescribing Information (SPL, Revised 6/2026). Novo Nordisk / National Library of Medicine DailyMed, Jun 18, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  4. OZEMPIC (semaglutide) injection, for subcutaneous use - Full Prescribing Information (SPL). Novo Nordisk / National Library of Medicine DailyMed, Jun 1, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  5. RYBELSUS (semaglutide) tablets and OZEMPIC (semaglutide) tablets, for oral use - Full Prescribing Information (SPL version 14, Revised 1/2026). Novo Nordisk / National Library of Medicine DailyMed, Jan 30, 2026. Accessed Oct 21, 2026.
  6. WEGOVY (semaglutide) injection, for subcutaneous use - Prescribing Information (original approval, Revised 06/2021). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (Drugs@FDA), Jun 4, 2021. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  7. ZEPBOUND (tirzepatide) injection, for subcutaneous use - Full Prescribing Information, Medication Guide and Instructions for Use (DailyMed SPL set ID 487cd7e7-434c-4925-99fa-aa80b1cc776b, version 40). U.S. National Library of Medicine (DailyMed) / Eli Lilly and Company, Aug 28, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  8. MOUNJARO (tirzepatide) injection, for subcutaneous use - Full Prescribing Information, Medication Guide and Instructions for Use (DailyMed SPL set ID d2d7da5d-ad07-4228-955f-cf7e355c8cc0, version 40). U.S. National Library of Medicine (DailyMed) / Eli Lilly and Company, Aug 27, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.

FDA and regulators23

  1. Wegovy® Pen on TrumpRx - TrumpRx. TrumpRx.gov (U.S. Government), Oct 19, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  2. FDA's Concerns with Unapproved GLP-1 Drugs Used for Weight Loss. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Oct 1, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  3. NDA 209637/S-044 Supplement Approval letter: OZEMPIC (semaglutide) injection carton labeling (removal of the Quick Guide from the product carton). U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Aug 27, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  4. Warning Letter: Peak Performance Peptides, MARCS-CMS 735127. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Aug 24, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  5. NDA 220934 approval letter (FOUNDAYO orforglipron tablets). U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Apr 1, 2026. Accessed Oct 21, 2026.
  6. FDA Approves First New Molecular Entity Under National Priority Voucher Program (FDA bulletin). U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Apr 1, 2026. Accessed Oct 21, 2026.
  7. FDA clarifies policies for compounders as national GLP-1 supply begins to stabilize. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Apr 1, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  8. Warning Letter: Gram Peptides, MARCS-CMS 721806. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Mar 31, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  9. FDA Approves Fourth Product Under National Priority Voucher Program, Higher Dose Semaglutide. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Mar 19, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  10. FDA Intends to Take Action Against Non-FDA-Approved GLP-1 Drugs. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Feb 6, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  11. Warning Letter: ASN-LABS, MARCS-CMS 716459. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Sep 9, 2025. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  12. FDA Approves Treatment for Serious Liver Disease Known as 'MASH'. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Aug 15, 2025. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  13. Declaratory Order: Resolution of Shortages of Semaglutide Injection Products (Ozempic and Wegovy). U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Feb 21, 2025. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  14. FDA Approves First Medication for Obstructive Sleep Apnea. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Dec 20, 2024. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  15. Resolution of Tirzepatide Injection Product Shortage and Supply Status (CDER Drug Shortage Staff memorandum). U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Dec 19, 2024. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  16. FDA Approves First Treatment to Reduce Risk of Serious Heart Problems Specifically in Adults with Obesity or Overweight. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Mar 8, 2024. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  17. FDA Approves New Medication for Chronic Weight Management. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Nov 8, 2023. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  18. June 2021 Office of Women's Health e-Update (item: FDA Approves New Drug Treatment for Chronic Weight Management, First Since 2014). U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jun 2021. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  19. Priority Review. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jan 4, 2018. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  20. Warning Letter: Prime Vitality, Inc. dba Prime Peptides, MARCS-CMS 695156. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (CDER), Dec 10, 2024. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  21. Drugs@FDA record NDA209637 (OZEMPIC semaglutide injection) - submissions history. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (openFDA Drugs@FDA API), Oct 19, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  22. Drugs@FDA record NDA215256 (WEGOVY semaglutide injection) - submissions history. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (openFDA Drugs@FDA API), Oct 19, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  23. Drugs@FDA record NDA218316 (WEGOVY semaglutide tablets) - submissions history. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (openFDA Drugs@FDA API), Oct 19, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.

Journal articles13

  1. LY3437943, a novel triple glucagon, GIP, and GLP-1 receptor agonist for glycemic control and weight loss: From discovery to clinical proof of concept. Cell Metabolism 2022;34(9):1234-1247.e9 (abstract via PubMed PMID 35985340; doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2022.07.013), Aug 18, 2022. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  2. Retatrutide, a Triple Hormone Receptor Agonist, for Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med (abstract via PubMed PMID 42814954; doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2604169), Sep 29, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  3. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med 2021;385(6):503-515 (Frías JP et al.; PubMed PMID 34170647; doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2107519), Aug 5, 2021. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  4. Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med 2022;387(3):205-216 (Jastreboff AM et al.; PubMed PMID 35658024; doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2206038), Jul 21, 2022. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  5. Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity - A Phase 2 Trial. N Engl J Med 2023;389(6):514-526 (abstract via PubMed PMID 37366315; doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2301972), Jun 26, 2023. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  6. Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med 2025;393(1):26-36 (Aronne LJ et al.; PubMed PMID 40353578; doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2416394), Jul 3, 2025. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  7. Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine (Aronne LJ et al.; PMID 40353578), Jul 3, 2025. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  8. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine (Lincoff AM et al.; PMID 37952131), Dec 14, 2023. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  9. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine (Wilding JPH et al.; PMID 33567185), Mar 18, 2021. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  10. Efficacy and safety of retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptor agonist, in people with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycaemic control with diet and exercise (TRANSCEND-T2D-1): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial. The Lancet (published online Jun 6, 2026; issue Jun 13, 2026; 407(10546):2402-2413; abstract via PubMed PMID 42250575; doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(26)00967-0), Jun 6, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  11. LY3437943, a novel triple GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptor agonist in people with type 2 diabetes: a phase 1b, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, multiple-ascending dose trial. The Lancet 2022;400(10366):1869-1881 (abstract via PubMed PMID 36354040; doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02033-5), Oct 27, 2022. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  12. Retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist, for people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo and active-controlled, parallel-group, phase 2 trial conducted in the USA. The Lancet 2023;402(10401):529-544 (abstract via PubMed PMID 37385280; doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01053-X), Jun 26, 2023. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  13. Retatrutide in adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes (TRIUMPH-2): a double-blind, parallel-group, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. The Lancet 2026;408(10563):1455-1472 (abstract via PubMed PMID 42810372; doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(26)01861-1), Sep 29, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.

Trial registries and protocols11

  1. A Study of Retatrutide (LY3437943) in Participants Who Have Obesity or Overweight (TRIUMPH-1). ClinicalTrials.gov (U.S. NLM), Aug 21, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  2. A Study of Orforglipron (LY3502970) in Adult Participants With Obesity or Overweight With Weight-Related Comorbidities (ATTAIN-1). ClinicalTrials.gov (U.S. NLM), Aug 14, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  3. A Study of Retatrutide (LY3437943) in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Who Have Obesity or Overweight (TRIUMPH-2). ClinicalTrials.gov (U.S. NLM), Jul 30, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  4. A Study of Retatrutide (LY3437943) in Participants With Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease (TRIUMPH-3). ClinicalTrials.gov (U.S. NLM), Jul 30, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  5. A Study of Retatrutide (LY3437943) Compared to Tirzepatide (LY3298176) in Adults Who Have Obesity (TRIUMPH-5). ClinicalTrials.gov (U.S. NLM), Jul 20, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  6. Effect of Retatrutide Compared With Placebo in Adult Participants With Type 2 Diabetes and Inadequate Glycemic Control With Diet and Exercise Alone (TRANSCEND-T2D-1). ClinicalTrials.gov (U.S. NLM), Mar 5, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  7. A Study of Retatrutide (LY3437943) Once Weekly in Participants Who Have Obesity or Overweight and Osteoarthritis of the Knee (TRIUMPH-4). ClinicalTrials.gov (U.S. NLM), Jan 21, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  8. A Study of LY3437943 in Participants Who Have Obesity or Are Overweight (NCT04881760) - registry record with posted results. ClinicalTrials.gov (U.S. NLM), Sep 13, 2023. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  9. A Study of LY3437943 in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes (NCT04867785) - registry record with posted results. ClinicalTrials.gov (U.S. NLM), Jul 3, 2023. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  10. Study Protocol J1I-MC-GZBF(b) for NCT04881760 (Prot_000.pdf). Eli Lilly and Company, hosted on ClinicalTrials.gov, Aug 29, 2022. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  11. Study Protocol J1I-MC-GZBD(c) for NCT04867785 (Prot_000.pdf). Eli Lilly and Company, hosted on ClinicalTrials.gov, Aug 29, 2022. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.

Company releases19

  1. What Medicare Part D patients need to know about accessing Foundayo. Eli Lilly and Company, Jun 25, 2026. Accessed Oct 21, 2026.
  2. Foundayo (orforglipron), Lilly's new oral GLP-1 pill for weight loss, now available at retail pharmacies. Eli Lilly and Company, Apr 9, 2026. Accessed Oct 21, 2026.
  3. FDA approves Lilly's Foundayo (orforglipron), the only GLP-1 pill for weight loss that can be taken any time of day without food or water restrictions. Eli Lilly and Company, Apr 1, 2026. Accessed Oct 21, 2026.
  4. Media Statement: Zepbound (tirzepatide) KwikPen now available at self-pay pricing at major pharmacies nationwide in addition to LillyDirect. Eli Lilly and Company (investor.lilly.com), Mar 16, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  5. Zepbound (tirzepatide), the most prescribed weight management medication in 2025, now available in multi-dose KwikPen. Eli Lilly and Company (investor.lilly.com), Feb 23, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  6. Lilly lowers the price of Zepbound® (tirzepatide) single-dose vials. Eli Lilly and Company (investor.lilly.com), Dec 1, 2025. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  7. FDA approves Lilly's Mounjaro™ (tirzepatide) injection, the first and only GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of adults with type 2 diabetes. Eli Lilly and Company (investor.lilly.com), May 13, 2022. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  8. Lilly's triple agonist, retatrutide, delivered substantial weight loss and A1C reduction, underscoring its potential promise for people with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Eli Lilly and Company (via PR Newswire; also investor.lilly.com), Sep 29, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  9. Lilly's triple agonist, retatrutide, delivered powerful weight loss in pivotal Phase 3 obesity trial. Eli Lilly and Company (via PR Newswire; also investor.lilly.com), May 21, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  10. Lilly calls on online platforms, payment companies and regulators to shut down the illegal retatrutide black market. Eli Lilly and Company (via PR Newswire), Aug 12, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  11. Lilly's triple agonist, retatrutide, successful in two additional Phase 3 obesity trials, delivering significant improvements in weight and A1C. Eli Lilly and Company (via PR Newswire), Jul 23, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  12. Lilly's triple agonist, retatrutide, drove substantial improvements in weight, A1C, knee osteoarthritis pain, and obstructive sleep apnea, demonstrating its remarkable potential to treat obesity and its complications. Eli Lilly and Company (via PR Newswire), Jun 6, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  13. Lilly's triple agonist, retatrutide, demonstrated significant reductions in A1C and weight in first Phase 3 trial for treatment of type 2 diabetes. Eli Lilly and Company (via PR Newswire), Mar 19, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  14. Lilly's triple agonist, retatrutide, delivered weight loss of up to an average of 71.2 lbs along with substantial relief from osteoarthritis pain in first successful Phase 3 trial. Eli Lilly and Company (via PR Newswire), Dec 11, 2025. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  15. Novo Nordisk expands US patient access to FDA-approved semaglutide medicines through Hims & Hers in response to a shift in their US GLP-1 business model. Novo Nordisk A/S, Mar 9, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  16. Novo Nordisk A/S: Wegovy® approved in the US for the treatment of MASH. Novo Nordisk A/S, Aug 15, 2025. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  17. Wegovy® Medicare GLP-1 Bridge Access. Novo Nordisk Inc. (US), Jul 1, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  18. Wegovy® & Ozempic® List Price Reduction. Novo Nordisk Inc. (US), Feb 24, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  19. FDA Approves Oral Wegovy® Pill. Novo Nordisk Inc. (US), Dec 22, 2025. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.

Manufacturer price and savings programs14

  1. Foundayo (orforglipron) on LillyDirect: self-pay pricing. Eli Lilly and Company, Oct 21, 2026. Accessed Oct 21, 2026.
  2. Foundayo Coverage & Savings (savings card and self-pay terms). Eli Lilly and Company, Oct 21, 2026. Accessed Oct 21, 2026.
  3. Authentic Zepbound® (tirzepatide) Shipped to You | LillyDirect®. Eli Lilly and Company (LillyDirect), Oct 19, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  4. Authentic Mounjaro® (tirzepatide) Shipped to You | LillyDirect®. Eli Lilly and Company (LillyDirect), Oct 19, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  5. Savings & Coverage | Mounjaro® (tirzepatide). Eli Lilly and Company (mounjaro.lilly.com), Oct 19, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  6. Savings & Insurance Options | Zepbound® (tirzepatide). Eli Lilly and Company (zepbound.lilly.com; page code CMAT-26402 09/2026), Sep 1, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  7. Zepbound 2026 Prices, Coupons & Savings Tips - GoodRx. GoodRx, Oct 19, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  8. Price your Wegovy®. Novo Nordisk (NovoCare), Oct 19, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  9. NovoCare® Pharmacy. Novo Nordisk (NovoCare), Oct 19, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  10. Terms and conditions of use (NovoCare Pharmacy - Wegovy self-pay). Novo Nordisk (NovoCare), Oct 19, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  11. Wegovy® Savings Offer - Eligibility and Restrictions / Offer Details (WegovyTerms.com). Novo Nordisk (NovoCare), Oct 19, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  12. Save on Ozempic® (ozempic.com savings and resources). Novo Nordisk (ozempic.com), Oct 19, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  13. Wegovy® Cost & Coverage Information | Wegovy® (semaglutide). Novo Nordisk (wegovy.com), Oct 19, 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.
  14. Commercial execution - Novo Nordisk Annual Report 2025. Novo Nordisk A/S, Feb 2026. Accessed Oct 19, 2026.

Other1

  1. Connecticut drug price disclosure sheet: Foundayo (wholesale acquisition cost). Eli Lilly and Company, Apr 2, 2026. Accessed Oct 21, 2026.